The Impact Of Per Capita Income, Expected Years Of Schooling, And Government Education Spending On The Gross Enrollment Ratio In Higher Education In Indonesia
Pengaruh Pendapatan Perkapita, Angka Harapan Lama Sekolah, dan Belanja Pendidikan Terhadap Angka Partisipasi Kasar Jenjang Perguruan Tinggi Di Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61722/jipm.v3i4.1120Keywords:
Higher Education Access, Gross Enrollment Ratio, Education Expenditure, Socioeconomic DisparitiesAbstract
Higher education plays a vital role in human resource development and national competitiveness. However, Indonesia's Gross Enrollment Rate in Higher Education (GER-HE) remains relatively low and faces various structural and economic challenges. This study aims to analyze the influence of per capita income, expected years of schooling, and education expenditure on GER-HE in Indonesia. Using a quantitative approach and secondary data, the results show that both per capita income and education expenditure have a positive and significant effect on GER-HE, while expected years of schooling does not have a significant influence. These findings indicate that economic factors and fiscal policies play a major role in determining access to higher education, whereas educational expectations do not always translate into actual participation. Therefore, policies are needed to promote income equity, improve targeted education spending, and strengthen the transition from secondary to higher education in order to increase participation in a more inclusive and sustainable manner
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