Kajian Literatur: Pemanfaatan Senyawa Fitokimia Tumbuhan sebagai Imunomodulator melalui Penargetan Jalur TNF-α, IL-6, dan NF-κB
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DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61722/jipm.v4i4.2539Keywords:
IL-6; Imunomodulator; Molecular Docking; NF-κB; TNF-α, IL-6, Immunomodulator, Molecular Docking, NF-κB, TNF-αAbstract
Sistem imun berperan penting dalam mempertahankan homeostasis tubuh melalui regulasi
respons terhadap patogen dan kerusakan jaringan. Namun, aktivasi sistem imun yang berlebihan dapat
memicu inflamasi kronis yang berkontribusi terhadap berbagai penyakit, seperti artritis reumatoid, diabetes
melitus tipe 2, penyakit kardiovaskular, penyakit neurodegeneratif, dan kanker. Pada proses tersebut,
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), dan Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB)
merupakan mediator utama yang berperan dalam regulasi respons inflamasi sehingga menjadi target
potensial dalam pengembangan agen imunomodulator. Senyawa fitokimia tumbuhan diketahui memiliki
aktivitas antiinflamasi dan imunomodulator melalui kemampuan memodulasi berbagai jalur pensinyalan
inflamasi. Kajian literatur ini bertujuan untuk mengulas potensi senyawa fitokimia tumbuhan sebagai
imunomodulator melalui penargetan jalur TNF-α, IL-6, dan NF-κB berdasarkan hasil penelitian in silico
menggunakan pendekatan molecular docking. Metode yang digunakan berupa literature review dengan
mengumpulkan artikel ilmiah yang dipublikasikan pada periode 2020-2026 dari berbagai basis data,
meliputi PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, MDPI, dan Google Scholar. Artikel yang dipilih membahas
aktivitas imunomodulator senyawa fitokimia terhadap TNF-α, IL-6, atau NF-κB serta memuat data
molecular docking. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa berbagai kelompok fitokimia, seperti flavonoid,
alkaloid, terpenoid, senyawa fenolik, dan saponin, memiliki afinitas ikatan yang baik terhadap protein target serta berpotensi menghambat jalur inflamasi melalui berbagai mekanisme molekuler. Selain itu, pendekatan
molecular docking terbukti efektif dalam mengidentifikasi kandidat senyawa imunomodulator berbasis
bahan alam sebelum dilakukan pengujian eksperimental. Oleh karena itu, senyawa fitokimia tumbuhan
berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai agen imunomodulator multitarget yang menargetkan TNF-α, IL-6, dan
NF-κB untuk mendukung pengembangan terapi penyakit inflamasi di masa mendatang.
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