BENTENG IMUNITAS DI ERA SIBER: REKONSEPTUALISASI INVIOLABILITAS KANTONG DIPLOMATIK DIGITAL DAN GEDUNG PERWAKILAN BERDASARKAN KONVENSI WINA 1961
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61722/jipm.v4i5.2871Keywords:
Hukum Diplomatik, Konvensi Wina 1961, Inviolabilitas, Kantong Diplomatik Digital, IntelijenAbstract
Evolusi teknologi informasi melahirkan tantangan eksistensial terhadap doktrin hukum diplomatik klasik, khususnya mengenai asas kesucian (inviolability) perwakilan diplomatik dan komunikasi rahasia. Konvensi Wina 1961 tentang Hubungan Diplomatik dirancang dalam konstelasi fisik-analog, sehingga tidak secara eksplisit mengomodasi fenomena peretasan siber (cyber espionage) serta transmisi dokumen berklasifikasi rahasia via jaringan digital (digital diplomatic bag). Penelitian hukum normatif ini menganalisis dinamika penafsiran norma inviolabilitas gedung perwakilan (Pasal 22) dan korespondensi resmi (Pasal 27 Konvensi Wina 1961) dalam menghadapi ancaman intrusi siber yang dilancarkan oleh negara penerima (receiving State) maupun aktor non-negara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat ambiguitas yuridis mengenai apakah operasi siber pasif dapat dikualifikasikan sebagai pelanggaran batas fisik perwakilan diplomatik, serta bagaimana pertanggungjawaban hukum negara atas insiden peretasan data diplomatik. Diperlukan rekonseptualisasi asas 'functional necessity' serta formulasi Protokol Tambahan (Optional Protocol) guna menegaskan perlindungan domain siber diplomatik sebagai bagian tak terpisahkan dari kedaulatan digital perwakilan asing.
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